Influence of diabetes surgery on gut hormones and incretins.

The dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major global public health issue. There is increasing evidence that metabolic surgery is more effective than diet and exercise for diabetes remission and weight loss. Moreover, the rapid time course and disproportional degree of T2DM improvement after metabolic procedures compared with equivalent weight loss with conservative treatment, suggest surgery-specific, weight-independent effects on glucose homeostasis. Gut hormones has been proposed as one of the potential mechanisms for the weight-independent diabetes remission and long-term weight loss after these procedures. In this review we discuss the available current metabolic procedures and we review the current human data on changes in gut hormones after each metabolic procedure.